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The Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) also sometimes colloquially known as the betta is a species in the gourami family which is popular as an aquarium fish. Bettas can be territorial fish and are prone to high levels of aggression towards each other. Two males in close proximity will almost always attack each other if they do not have the ability to escape this will usually result in the death of one or both of the fish. Female bettas can also become territorial towards each other if they are housed in too small an aquarium. It is typically not recommended to keep male and female bettas together except temporarily for breeding purposes which should always be undertaken with caution.

This species is native to the Mekong basin of Laos Cambodia Vietnam and Thailand. The fish can be found in standing waters of canals rice paddies and floodplains. It is listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN.

Male bettas will flare their gills spread their fins and twist their bodies in a dance if interested in a female. If the female is also interested she will darken in colour and develop vertical lines known as breeding bars as a response. Males build bubble nests of various sizes and thicknesses at the surface of the water. Most tend to do this regularly even if there is no female present.

Plants or rocks that break the surface often form a base for bubble nests. The act of spawning itself is called a nuptial embrace for the male wraps his body around the female around 10–40 eggs are released during each embrace until the female is exhausted of eggs. The male in his turn releases milt into the water and fertilization takes place externally. During and after spawning the male uses his mouth to retrieve sinking eggs and deposit them in the bubble nest during mating the female sometimes assists her partner but more often she simply devours all the eggs she manages to catch. Once the female has released all of her eggs she is chased away from the male's territory as she will likely eat the eggs. If she is not removed from the tank then she will most likely be killed by the male.

The eggs will remain in the male's care. He carefully keeps them in his bubble nest making sure none fall to the bottom repairing the bubble nest as needed. Incubation lasts for 24–36 hours newly hatched larvae remain in the nest for the next two to three days until their yolk sacs are fully absorbed. Afterwards the fry leave the nest and the free-swimming stage begins. In this first period of their lives B.splendens fry are totally dependent on their gills the labyrinth organ which allows the species to breathe atmospheric oxygen typically develops at three to six weeks of age depending on the general growth rate, which can be highly variable. B.splendens can reach sexual maturity at an age as early as 4–5 months.

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